Innovative and Immersive: The Metaverse and the Construction Industry

Nieder mit den Datensilos, hin zum digitalen Gebäude-Ökosystem mit offenen Standards: Dieser Paradigmenwechsel beschäftigt die Bauindustrie seit Jahren. Ebendiese Vision verfolgte Professor Georg Nemetschek bereits bei der Gründung seines Ingenieursbüros im Jahre 1963 – und verwirklicht die Nemetschek Group mit ihren starken Marken heute und in Zukunft.

Sustainability in the construction industry means considering the life cycle of buildings holistically and as a cycle. As early as the planning phase, the CO2 footprint can be calculated over the entire life cycle – construction, operation, and deconstruction are analyzed and optimized. Data-supported workflows based on Building Information Modeling (BIM) help in decision-making, provide improved visualization, coordination, and energy efficiency. The fact that the construction industry will be particularly under pressure to achieve climate targets is also reflected in the climate goals of the United Nations and the European Union. Here, the focus is particularly on the energy efficiency of the building stock, the need for sustainable construction and renovation methods and standards, as well as the reduction of waste and the shift towards a circular economy. No wonder, as buildings are responsible for 50% of the consumption of all extracted raw materials, 33% of water consumption, and 35% of global waste. Internationally, there are therefore countless initiatives for greater sustainability that also focus directly or indirectly on the building sector. For example, Denmark has already implemented a strategy for the energy-efficient renovation of its building stock, and Finland is developing measures to promote the circular economy in the construction sector and reformed its land use and building laws. However, waste reduction strategies (Sweden's "Vision Zero Waste") are also affecting the resource-intensive construction sector and initiating change. In Germany, too, the quality criteria for sustainable construction were expanded at the beginning of 2023 and a new government funding program for sustainable new buildings was launched.

In optimal, sustainable construction – and especially in the renovation of existing buildings – many criteria must be taken into account: the reduction and avoidance of waste, the resource-efficient use of building materials, CO2-neutral energy generation, the use of renewable raw materials, the recyclability and deconstructability of the building structure, renovation costs, and funding conditions, to name just a few. This is where digital working methods based on BIM are useful. Where does the design stand in terms of sustainability? What is the best way to improve the environmental footprint of a real estate portfolio? Complex questions can be answered more automatically and easily with the help of BIM models. The models also reduce planning errors and improve construction processes. Sustainable data management with BIM helps the real estate and construction industry achieve its sustainability goals. And it does so across all service phases and trades of a building or infrastructure project.

In the planning and design phase, model-based design helps to ensure that all building components can be easily sampled with building materials and their CO2 emissions, and that different construction variants can be generated. This enables comprehensive analyses and simulations before the factory and assembly planning begins. The ecological impact of each building component of the entire project is calculated over its life cycle. Potential improvements are identified and exploited at an early stage. Innovative construction methods with a high proportion of prefabrication and modular construction methods can also be implemented more easily with the help of BIM, as comprehensive 3D modeling ensures that the prefabricated modules are planned and assembled without errors.

In the construction phase, the main benefit of BIM is that all project participants can safely make well-founded decisions through shared access to centrally stored data – thus preventing unnecessary rework and errors. Here, too, prefabrication and modular construction are good real-world examples: with parametric BIM solutions, many steps in detailed planning can be automated and construction variants can be generated quickly. As a result, material consumption can be reduced. In combination with LEAN-based construction scheduling, BIM also leads to more efficient construction site management: Deliveries can be planned and timed so that storage times are kept to a minimum. The entire construction site can also be made paperless: Instead of large and often confusing plans, the teams can work with the help of tablets – and everyone can access the BIM model from wherever and whenever they want and get an overview of the status quo. This not only creates synergies but also increases efficiency, as BIM enables transparent and fast bidirectional communication between the fabricator, construction site, and office. Regular comparison of the BIM models with point clouds quickly identifies quality defects and prevents defects in subsequent trades.

During the operational phase, energy efficiency is a particular focus of sustainability efforts. Here, too, BIM can be used for optimization. The BIM model is taken from the design, if available in suitable quality, or reconstructed from a point cloud and 2D plans. In combination with sensor data from the building services and artificial intelligence, it can be used to optimally plan maintenance, check the plausibility of energy conservation methods and the real-time energy consumption, and optimize the use of space in the building. Structural condition monitoring of buildings is also increasingly being documented with the help of BIM models.

If a building resource passport is linked to the BIM model, the BIM model provides important data on the deconstruction and reusability of installed materials and components at the end of the construction life cycle. The BIM-based building resource passport provides an overview of which materials were used, where, in what quantity and in what quality. Thus, it enables the building to be demolished to be used as a raw material store for future buildings – an important step toward the circular economy in the construction industry.

Building Information Modeling offers great added value over the entire life cycle of a building or infrastructure project. This not only increases the efficiency and quality of the built world, but also its sustainability. The end-to-end implementation of digital ways of working such as BIM is necessary to achieve global climate goals – and significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the building sector. This calls for all project partners to work together on sustainable and resilient cities of the future.

Creating a precise LCA is a complex task, but a critical one if the AEC/O industry is to reach it’s decarbonization goals. Digital tools can help make the assessment easier, and new methods are continuously evolving to streamline the process further.

For example, researchers are investigating how to improve the sound insulation of timber frames at an earlier stage in the design process. Typically, these analyses are undertaken when the project is already in detailed design. The problem with this is that these analyses can identify issues which usually require expensive and time-consuming changes. By using BIM models and IFC, the researchers have been able to shift the planning of the building physics, including acoustic analysis, to earlier stages where any changes have less of an impact.

Another area of development is how to increase the accuracy of calculated environmental impacts, such as embodied carbon or energy efficiency. Whilst these calculations can be carried out at an early stage, their precision is hindered as there are often still many unresolved uncertainties at this stage of the design. The relative “completeness” of the BIM model can often suggest that the design is more finalized than it really is. For example, material classification may be limited, the location or function of materials may be unknown, or there can be deficiencies in the decision process that hamper the design.

To address these issues, different approaches are being developed and trialed. One approach for improving carbon emission calculations is to enrich the life cycle building information, which then enables the assessment of a vast number of possible material combinations at once. Therefore, instead of single values for a particular material combination, a range of results are displayed which reveal the building parts with the greatest emission reduction potential.

To overcome not having accurate information (material or otherwise), one team of researchers has developed a solution using causal inference to improve design decisions for better environmental outcomes. Using a four-step process, a causal diagram with interventions is identified. This provides a nexus for integration domain knowledge with data-driven methods, providing a way to test and interpret design decisions.

Similarly, the Technical University of Munich has developed a model healing process using natural language processing (NLP) strategies. This automatically maps materials in a BIM model to a knowledge database with environmental indicators, to overcome any gaps in the information at an early design stage. This contains all the missing information required for a more accurate LCA to be undertaken.

As the industry races to reach net zero, it’s clear that digital tools are a key tool for decarbonization. These projects demonstrate that even at an early stage, it is possible to make more informed decisions – for better environmental outcomes.